Method of manufacturing gas and coke from crude oil.



No. 781,242. 'I PATENTED JAH. 31, 1905.

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METHOD OP MANUFAOUHING GAS AND COKE FROM GBUDE OIL.

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PATEHTBD Jml, 19.05.

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WITNESSES. ma/a/l,

PATBNTED JAN. 31I 1905.

J. O. H. STUT.

METHOILDBMAHAUFAUTURING GAS AND (JOKE PROM OBUDE OILA API'UOATIOI NLED 121.6, IIN.

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WITNESSES, 6%0/0/2.

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No. 781,242. PATENTED JAN. 31, 1906. g

J. G. H. STUT.

METHODGP MANUFACTURING GAS AND COKE PROM GRUDB OIL. g

AIPLIOAHUI FILED Afl... H04.

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Patented January 81, 1905.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

.lOllN t). ll. STUT, OF OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA,

METHOD 0F MANUACTUHING GAS AND COKE fROM CllUDE OIL.

BPCIFICATION forming parte! Lettera Patent. No. 781.242, dated January 31, 1005. lrpplleltlon Sled April 1904. Serial No. 201.862.

Ta ull'- whom it. muy enumera.-

Be'lt known that l, Jona (l. H. Srn'r, acitizen of the United States, residing at Oakland, in the county of Alameda and State of California, have invented new and useful Improvements in Manufacturing (las and Coke from Crude Oil, of which the following is a specilication.

.\ly invention relates to an improved procoss for the manufacture of coke and illuluiouting-gas from crude oil.

lhe making of gas from crude oil alone is notnew; but the usual methods of makingsocalled "oil-gas from crude oil have been very unsatisfactoryand nnscientitie. lt is customary in making so-called "oil-gas to spray the oil directly upon and against all shapes of hot tre-brick or other refractory material contained in an oven or retort, irrespective of the form, space, or temperature suchot'en and brickwork might have. 'l`hc space into which the oil is sprayed is usually very small and cramped. Quite. often the oil is sprayed directly on or into brick thecker'work` so that the oil when it enters the oven strikcsdirectly againstarches, corners, walls` checker-work, and like ol istructions. l\`urthern1ore, the brickworl" is kept at a very high temperature both in the healing and gas-making periods. 'lhe oil-gas made in ovens so constructed is not of the bestqnality, nor is the oil used to the best. advantage, and for the following reasons:

l"i|stthe oil on entering the oven strikes against hot brickwork of some kind before it has time to distil otlI its illuminating-gases; second, the temperature of this brickwork must be kept very high in order to gasify all the oil, and particularly the heavier portions thereof. On the lirst point of time for tho oil to form into gas it may bcsaid; W'hen lhe oil is introduced into ovens as constructed at |iresent,` it strikes against hot brickwork of some kind. The molecules of the oil are therefore not given time to rearrange themselves into a gas form, because thcsurface or catalytic action of the brickwork,against which it strikes right after entering the oven prevents this.` 'lhat this is so is a subject easy of proof. For instance, let a piece of iron or other material not; easy to be consumed be heldin a gas-flame. It will be found that. the llame will commence to smoke and carbon or lampblack will be deposited on the iron, because the combustion or chemical reaction of the molecules of the gas and air have not suliicient time to rearrange themselves for the new combination before they strike thc iron, the surface action of the iron preventing this. 'lhe same result will also occur, although in a minor degree, when the iron is heated before it is held in the llame; but let the iron be removed far enough from the llame or zone of chemical reaction. Then no smoke will occur, because the chemical process has time to develop before the gases strike thc iron. 'l`hus it is seen time and space are important factors in ctlecting separation of the oil-molecules. 'lhe third factor is that of tcm|a^rature. As said above, the temperature in thc ovens used at present must be kept very higll in order to gasify all the heavierportions of theoil. This is objectionable for the reason that by using very high temperature in the ovens all thel lihter oils` are split np into their elementshydrogen and carbon, or so-callcd "la|npblack. Under usual practices the oil is sprayed into a highly-heated cramped oven or chamber directly upon or against an incandescent brick Surface or checker-work, the fallacy being that it is necessary to "crack the entire body of oil. 'lhe practical result is that thi,I lighter hydrocarbons most rich in illuminating power are converted mainly into lampblack, which isdeposited in vastunatitics in the carburetcrs und regcnerators, and avery poor commercialgasisprmluccd. l^`urthermorc,the impinging of the oil direct on the brickwork is also very detrimental to the brickwork. Fromexperienceit is shown that the very best lire-brick is soon destroyed and eaten away aml has continually to he rebuilt. Arches, walls, and ehcekerwork crumble rapidly where the intense llame strikes and impinges against them. incurring thereby great delay and expense for stoppages nml repair to the ovens and brickwork. At. present the gasmakers get their illuminating-gas mostly from the heavier portions of the oil, whereas ,the lighter portions are lost for this purpose1 because the high heat and surface action of the highly-heated bricltworlg.eauselhLlQltll tion ot the oil Uinto hydrogen and carbonyl; nliuupbluclt', iis-explained. i i "i-Fm First` in my processi osea very large empty space into which the oil is introduced from two opposing sides` whereby l avoid the very detriua-ntal surface or catalytic action of the briclt'worlt ou the oil and reciprocally of the oil on the briclnvorlt. lf one stream of oil l0 only were used` it would enter with such velocity as would carry the oil across the chamber and cause it to impingc on the opposing wall, and thissurl'ace action would again occur here. liy usiner a relatively large oven and two opposing streams ot' oil the latter is evenly distributed in the oven. and the oil streams, meeting centrally ot' the chamber and away from any brick work, give the molecules in the crude oil time to rearrange themselves into zo gas-molecules from the lighteroil` while all the heavier oil can dropouto and into the permeable matter contained in the lower portion of the chamber over the hearth to become colo-d` or` in other words, by this method l l arrange for a separation of the crude oils in l the oven so that the lighter and more fugi tive oil portions have time to become a valul able illuluimtting-gas. whereas the heavier oil l residues have time to separate out, droponlo l 3o and into the permeable material, where the surface action is wanted, leaving tht` carbon l there free to become colted, as desired. Sceondly, with my large oven-clnunber, with plenty of space and time foretl'ecting separation of the gas-molecules, l employ a lnodernte temlwrature, or such a heat as will noti split up the entire body of oil and drive otf as gas the coltable molecules1 depending for t the gas-making.,r ou radiated lient from the 4o walls and arches and llooring of the oven. lt is thus observed that three things arc promil nently in view in iny processhspace, time, and temperature.

Any suitable form of the apparatus, pref- .;5 erablyofmultiple-connectedeontiguousoven I type, may be used in carrying out this process.

ln the accompanyingdrawingsl have shown an apparatus especially adapted for working I ad a`t`opposite ends tnercot through a pipe 5o the process.

Figure I is a front elevation, partly inseel tion. laken ou line 'f/ of Fig. 2. Fig. .2 isa plan view, partly in section, taken on line c d of Fig. l. Fig. 3 is au elevation, partly in section, taken on line c y /i in of Fig. 2. Fig. l

4 is a section talten on line y lof Fig... Fig.

5 is a section talteu on lille l /1 of Fig. I.

A A' represent two parallel ovens connected above the fuel-line at one end by a large 6o llue Q and cach connecting at the opposite end with an intermediate, individual, and respective carburetor 3 4 through passages 5 t5. 'lhe carbureters are lllled with the usual brick checker-work 7 and connect at the bottom through openings 8 with respective regenerators 9 l0, also disposed bt 4en the ovens. lly arrangim,r the carburetie. and regenerators thus between the ovens 'hey receive the benelit of a great amount of radiated heut therefrom. 'lhe regeuerators also are tilleAl with checker-work ll,und each discharges in. :i single stach l2, eonnnon to both. Each regenerator is provided with a respective stack-valve 13 H and a gaspipe l5, leading to the scrubbcrs and collectors. (Not here shown.)

lt is a gas-valve in each pipe l5.

.\ir and steam may be admitted into the regenerators through respective valved pipes li' 1H, und each carburetor is provided with an oil-pipe l5), which Italy be used in water-gas manufacture when it is desired to earburize or enrich the gas. i

2U represents oven-doors` .l covered ports for the entry of material from the top into the ovens` and 2'.' doors leading to the top of the regenerators.

Uil for purposes of heatingr and gas-male ing is admitted into opposite ends of cach oven through pipes )3.""`.\`ir" to etfeet conlbustion of the 'gases in Ilte ovens is admitted from the sides through thevport.' 2t, connecting with the valved ducts 25. liyihaviug the air and oil streams counter to each other aud @EN the inllanunable-vapor eolulnn combustion ls greatly assisted and heating,r is much more quickly ell'ccted.

The hearths 2t, are perforatc, and the space beneath the hearths is occupied by a of longitudinal parallel supporLs 2i', whitt. .top of each of the hearths restsa removable perforated metal plate 2H, supporting a body of eolie or c9al`or preferably a layer .t of rerucfiry oo nlats mattei-itil.4 .tir is admitted beneath the hearths'ant'l at each end thereof from pipes 25', connecting with ducts- 25 through boxes 3U. having each an opening extending across the ends of the passages bv tween the supports 2T. 'l`he admission of air beneath the hearths may be regulated by slide-valves 31 and to ducts by valves- 31. Steam may be adlnitted beneath cach hearth 32, haring a series of nozzles 33 directing a jet in between the several supports 27,whence the steam may pass upward through the hearths and permeable layer, there to contact with the contained incaialescent carbon to become \vater-gas. 'I`he steam-nozzles are preferably disposed above the air-inlets.

ln o `on one oven is used alternately with thei other. 'lo heat up the ovens` assuntingthe operation to be lirst from lcl't to right, the gas-valves 16 are closed as well as 125 stack-valve H, while slack-valve t3 is opened. Oil is admitted through pipes 23 at opposite ends of oven A' only, sonne tclumheingusvd with the t l to etlect atomization. 'lhe two streams tut-t in the middle of the oven, mak- |30 ing a uniftlitln heat over the whole surface, and intenta/:ombuston occurs in the heating period by this means. r to support the combustion is admitted irougi the regenerator l() and through the side ports 24 in the brick wallet' oven A'. Atrin'llit'i'z'ltquan tty onlyI will be admitted from underneath the hearth, ao as to consume the lighter hydrocarbons that might trickle down with tho heavier residue into the refractory material 22), leavin r thus the residue to form into colte in and on t iis refractory material. 0f course it is understood that the amot'tut of oil introduced into the ovens must be so regulated as to be neither too much nor too little, because if too much it will havel such a cooling etlect ter period this Y rearrangement of V ing-gas.

two meeting streams, with a that a large amount of residue or tar will result with little or noA tolte. (lu the other hand, when too little oil is introduced it will be all consumed and no coke will be made. 'lhe quantity of oil to be introduced will de- .pend on the quality of the oil, the amount of the temperature of heat stored in the ovens, the ovens, and the amount of air Introduced either from above or from below the hearths. Particularly will it be noted that the oil is not made to impinge directly upon or into any brickn'ork. This is very important, not alone for the lichting and coking period, but also for the gasmaking period, because, as explained aliovc, it gives time for the chemical the molecules to lake place und etlect a perfect combustionof the lighter oils in,'l\e..beating period and for the heavier residue .become cokcd in the permeable layer 2t), while this large empty space in the ovens and thetime necessary before theoil strikes against any brick work are also nccessary in the gas-making period. ln the latlarge -space allows the lighter oils or hydrocarhonsto .dstil olil and rearv.range themselvesl into a good illuminatinggas wlthoutany interference of surface action,

and so prevents the formation of a large amount of lampblack and inferior illuminat- All chemical reactions require some time for development, and this is tl'ue in making illuminating-gas front oil. Unringthe heating period for oven A' the oil from the regulated quantity of air above and belowtlie hearth, will serve to' heat up the vallSifv-both ovens and carburetor 3 arid Ar'tgencrator 9. 'lhe more volatile and fugitive oils-are consumed, while the heavier residue of the oil drops onto thc porousI layer 29 and pereolates therein and as the heat grows intenser is converted into coke. The blasting is ,continued until this layer and its incumbent and interpereolated colsehisltta state of incandescence, but4 is' stopped shor ftlie'actnal consumption of the colte. Some volatile oil of course will have been carried down with the heavit'tr resi due when the lattenbecame separated from the more volatile portion in the oven, and it `reter, and regenerator,

ia the consumption of this volatile accon|paniment in the body of refractory material that furnishes the intenso and quick heat. [t is understood that the porous layer and incumbent and interlametrated coke may he incandescent and atill not create such a heat in the ovenspace itself as to destroy the rearrangetuent of oil-molecules, which, as before stated, la so important and which should take place both in the heating and gasanaking periods. It is to he borne in mind that the oil-hotly as lt conica into the ovensl is not acted on by aurfaee or catalytic action. 'lhc only part of the oil affected by'surface action is the separated heavier deposited particles, and these aregradually converted into coke. lt is necessary lo remark at this point that the surface action of the layer "U must not he sueltas to split up the deposit and drive it oll' as gases, since this process contemplates, essentially, the Itaniufaclure of oil-coke in the heating period. ('ouseouenllythe amount of air admitted from below the hearth is regulated according tothe quality and density of the oil used. Likewise the temperature of the ovens is dependent on the same cause. when a proper degree of heat has` been attained in the ovens, carbuthe stackwalve 13 is closed. lso the air-passages in the regencrator 10 and above and below the hearths are closed, while the gas-valve leading from regenerator 9 to the sernbbers is opened. The apparatus is now ready for the gas-making. 'lhe spraying of thtl oil in lwu opposing streams into oven A' is continued. 'lhe gas now generated by the radiated heat of the oven-walls travels from chamber A', through the large connecting-missatge 2, to oven A, thence traversing the length of the latter passes through the openings 5 into carlmretcr 3 and regenerator 9. lt is not until the gas meets the checker-work in the carburetor that any obstruction is encountered.

By this process I make a large amount of gas from the oil without breaking up loo much of the lighter oilsl or hydrocarbon into hydrogen und carbon or .so-called "lampblack," which does occur when the oil is sprayed or driven directly onto hot brick or checker-work, as explained above. The heavier oils that are not gasilied in the large space above the refractory material will trickle on and into the incandescent coke or refractory material to be split up subsequently into hydrogen or coke.

The ovens A' A and the connecting-passage 2, all devoid of baille-wallsand the like, atl'ord the space which is one factor in carrying out successfully my process. Time, the second factor, is provided for in the interval necessary for the gas to traverse this space. 'lemperature` the third factor, is regulated according to the nature of the oil used. lf a very heavy oil---say l. llaumis used, the ovens could stand and would need a higher degree et l of heat than if a lighter oil, as Q53 Baume, were used. in the forlner instance the desired 'temperature might be from 1,500V to 2,500*

Fahrenheit, more or less. in the latter it 5 might be from 1,200Q to 2,000O Fahrenheit. more or less. I choose to express the desired temperature as heilig "moderate as distinguished from the usual intense disintcgrating heat ot' present processes. My oven-wallsl may he ineaialescent, though the oven-space itself into which the oil is spraytal would be relatively moderate in temperature, for it is apparent that the ellect on the oil is fal'dill'er ent where it is subjected to radiated or reverberated heat only than where it is impiuged directly upon an incamlcscent brick wall. In my process the, volatile oilsl and gases` do not contact with the briekwork to any extent until they have traversed both ovens and collie into the carlmrelers. 'l`he result is the molecules of the greater portion of volatile oil lind time to rearrange themselves into molecules of illumimitiug-gas. While some lampblack may of necessity be deposited in the carbureter, the amount, compared with that produced under ordinary methods, is trilling. Under ordinary methods, as before stated, nearly if not quite the entire body of the volatile-prtalttct distillations are made into lampblaek and tho gas is made from the heavier residues. ln my method the gas is made from the volatile oils and coke from the heavier residues. 'l`he volutile parts of the oil are capable of forming u. very large percentage of gas. 'lhe heavier residues make an excellent coke, andthe cotilmercial value of coke is far greater than that of lampblack. After a certain period of gasmaking the ovens will cool down to a point such as to require reblasting.

'lhe coke made. in the heating period may be utilized-vr First, by consuming all thc coke inthe gas making period in the manufacture of watergas. 'l`o do this, a regulated quantity of steam is admitted from opposite ends bem-ath oren A' and allowed to pass up through the grate and permeable body of hot material and coke.

Second, b v building up layers of coke one after another in successive heating periods, letting in at such times only enough air to generate heat for'eoking without consuming the coke until a sullicientqtumtity of thi's coke has accumulated in an oren to withdraw it from this oven through the doors 20 to be used for any conunercial purpose. As previously described, the permeable refractory material rests on a perforated iron plate, which in turn rests on the perforated brickwork or hearth. When this iron plate sdrawn out from theoven through adoor 2t), all the material on topof this plate is also drawn out with it, and in this way the coke is recovered from the oven. lt will thus bc seen that coke is made from crude oil and that water-gas may be made from this coke, and all in the same apparatus, without losing after blasting.

any of the heat that is contained in the coke, or commercial coke from the heavier residue of crude oil and ilhuninating-gas from the lighter portions of this same oil cati be made all in the same apparatus and at the `same time, or one oven might be used lo produce coke from oil and water-gas from this coke, and

the other oven may produce coke from oil for conunercial purpose, whereas the lighter oils frolu the oil used for making coke in this latter oven can he used to enrich the water-gas coming from the Iirst oven, or both ovens lnight be used tomakecommercialcokeand the lighteroilsusedaloneformakingilluminatinggas. All these different results tlow froln and are steps in this process ot' making coke from crude oil.

As already explained, the temperature employed and the amount of air used in the heating period must be so arranged and can be so regulated as to prtxlnceeither more oil-gas or less coke or more coke and less gas, as might be most advantageous. By regulating these factors l am enabled to produce a good illuinitiating-gas and a good coke from crude oil alone.

'hile in the gas-making period the lighter oils will be making illuminating gas the heavier oil residues will be accunmlating iu the bottom of the oven and will eventually form a considerable layer of uneoked material inter|auletrating more or less the permeable body 2t). 'lhisl uncoked layer in oven will be transformed to coke. in the heating period subsequent to the next succeeding heating nml gas-making periods in oven A. ln practice the ovens are workedalternately. tienerally blasting and gas-makiug will go on in one oven, its A', and then blasting and gasmaking in the other oven, or A. Un the other hand, l may blast in oven A, for example, afterward closing both stack-valves and the gas-valves of regenen-alor lo and opening the gas-valre in regenerator J alul then admit oil into the relatively cooler oven'A'. This latter oven, while hot enough to gasify the lighter h vdroearlmns, wlfliiit ifl'ect sueh sudden dissociation of the oil-molecules as might occur if the oil was admitted to oven .-lt inunediately 'lhis is another way of getting my "moderate temperature" to allow for molecular rearrangement. From oven the gas then passes throughthhe'hotter oven .It to` the carburetor 3 and regenerator t) to become lixed. lf desired, the ovens may be worked coninnctively similarly as before described to make oil-gas in oven A' and water-gas in oven A, where the hottest coke is.

[t will be observed that the ovens are blasted from the ends, that the heat and gases pass endwise through both ovens, and that the directionoftransitof the hcatand gases through the ovens is alternate in successive periods.

'lo stunnmrize: l have a large oven-space. 'lhe largespace prevents the oil from striking lIO . from the lighter oil.

ent, is;

usnnnl practice of "cnnrinnreting.

against any protruding briclfwork. Itallows tine heavier oil time un separato und drop ont rlhe oil is noted on by radiated heut. ln'the ,hottoiu of the spnce provision is made for the recciptof the hennvier` oil, where it is coked. 'lhis lurge oven-spnnc inns oni)I nn moderate heut` so us to make us nnnncln gnts und ans little lnnnn|nhhnck nts possible. 'l`hc residueof the oil is mande into colte in tho inenting period to be usedcotnnnnercinilly on'l'or multim,r wnnwr-gus, hutnotintended ns l'uel in the ovens. While'the process is u process of' nnnnking gus und colte from crude oil, thennnnnhnctnre of colte ennlnrnnces the step ol' nnnking gus, or. conversely, the nnnnlt'ing of oil-gans is but nnn incidentorstep in the oil-coke-nnnlting. in'cnse lnnnlte \\nntergns l donot ultelthe prerioni` steps of nnnlcing `coke nnnd oil-gus` but ln other words` nnnlt'ing of colte` und tlne nntlting of coke front oil includes tlne nnnlt'ing of oil-gns.

'l`his process is to he ditl'erentinnted fronn tine lt is comnnon to cnrhnret or enrich winter-gans by sprnnying oil into the cnirbureter.

lhiving thus described |n,v invention` wlntt l chtinn` nnd desire to secure by Letters lntl. 'lhe process of nnnnnl'nncturi'ng gus nnd colte which consistsin heating lo moderatie lnennt nin oren hnn'ing nn hn rgeennply spnnce nhove n in ver of porous noir-connbustible `mnterinnl,

sprnying oil from opposite endsinto snidoven` colt'ing the residue from the oil in und on snid porous nnnnterinnl in the hentngperiml, nnlnd injecting oil in `tlne gans-nnnnking period into this oven-spnnce to nnnlt'e oihgns and deposit n residue on the nlrendy coked rcsiduntn.

2. The. process of manufacturing gus nnnd colte which consists inn lnenting to moderatie lnentnnn oven hnnvingu hnrge empty spnconbove u in ver of Vporous non-combustible. ninnteriul, spnnying oil from opposite ends into snid oven. colt'ing the residue from the oil in nud on said porous nnntcrinl in the inenting pcriotLnnn'dinA jecting oil in the gans-Innking period into thisl oven-splice to nnnhe oil-gans nnnd depositan resi` dueon the nnlrendvcoljed residnunn` pnssing stennn np through snid colt'ed residnnnn nud mixing these gnses in the oven-clnninlwr.

3. 'llne process of nnnnttfnctnring gns und colte wlnicln consists in subjecting crude oil in nnn oven-clnninlner tohent snllicient only toeffectndissocintionofthclighter fronntinedenser portions of the oil n'nnd nnil'ordingtinnennnd spnnce for snid lighter portiolns to renrrnnnge themselves into n lixed ilhnnninnnting-gns and converting' the denser residue into coke in the snnnne oven-clnnnnher.

4. 'ilne process of manufacturing gans und coke which consists in subjecting crude oil in nn oven-clnnnnher to lnennt suilicient only to effectn dissocin'ntion of thelightcr from thedenser portions of tlne oil und utl'ordi'ng time und space for said lighter portions to rearrange them'- selves into u iixed iihnninutiing-gns` depositing snid denser portions in the annue ovenchaunber` und in n succeeding inenting period converting Suid deposit into colte.

5. The procent',` of nnnnnnfnnelnring gnns und colte which consists in subjeetingcrude oil in un ove|n-chnnnnher lo hent snliicient oni.)I to eflectin dissixzinntionofthe lighterfronnthedenser portionso( the oil und nntiording time for snnid lighter portions to rennrrinnge themselves into u lixed ilhnnninntinggns,depositing snid denser pon'tio|1s,`nn|nl in n succeeding inenting period converting snniildeposit into colte hy ndnnitting nir from nhove nnnnd below.

(i. 'lhe process of untnnfncturing gns nnnnd coke which consists in hentingnn permenble body in nn oven-elnnnnherlo inenndescence. ndnnitting oil to snnid clnnnnber in such nnnnnnernns to prevent its` impingiin,r on snnid hented body ntnd regulnting t the hent of snid oren in such inninner ns to nllow tlne nnnore n'olnttilnportions of tlne oil to sepznrnnte from the henvienl portions. the nnore vohntile portions pnt-,sing olf ns ilhnniinnting-gns, the hennn'ier portionnsdropv pinngonlo the snid pernnenhle body inn the orenclnnnnnbcr` nnnd snninl clnnlnlner ntl'ording room for n nnolecnhnr reanrrnngennent of the gnsitied pnnrtieles of oil nnnd preventing the fornnntion in hnrge quantities of hnnnpbhnclt'.

7. The process of nnnnnfneturng.)r gus und colte which consists in inenting nn pernnennhle hotly in nu o\'en-n.lnnnnlner to incandescent-e, ndtnittingoiltosntidelnunlnerinsnch nnnnncrnnslo prcnent itsinnpinging on snnid hennted body nnnd orguhnling the hentt of said oven in sucln Innuniner ns to nnllow the nnnore vohntile portionsl of the oil to sepnn'nle froln tlne hennvier portions, the nnore volatile portions pnnssing oil us illuminnting-gns, tho henvier portions dropping onto the sznid permeable hotly in tlne orenclnnnnber, nnd suid clnnnnbernlfording roonn for n nnolecuhnr rennrrnnngennentol' the gnnsilied purticles of oil nnd preventing tlne fornnution in hnrge quantities .of lanlnplnhncit' and subsequently in the snnne nppnrntusconverting tlne hcnnvier residunnn of the oil into colic.

8. ln the process of nnnlt'inggns nlnlnns nstep therein tlne nnult'ing of colte in commercial qnnnlities fronn crude oil which consists in sprnevinng oil into nn ovcn-ehnnnher lnented to such tempcrntnre ns will nllow n dissocintiotn of the rohntile portions of tlne oil from tine heavier portions hnt nvill nnot gnsifv the hitter, depositing these henricr portions on nnnd in n hotly of pernnenlnle nnntter und nndnnittinn,r nir from nhove nml belonv snid nnntter to consonne tlne lighter lnydrocnrbons` nnnd to eonn'ert the deposited residue into colte.

t). 'llne process of nnnnufncturing gus nmd coke from crude oil nnlone` snnid processI consistinginsprnnying oil intooppositeendsofone of two hented connected ovens, cncln of which incluses n relntively hnrge unohstrncted spnnce through which the grises of combustion nnd the evolved illuiii'iniiting'gnseri iiiny travel iinl nately heatingr nn oven in one period and maki ing gas therein in a succeeding period., said heating period eoniprehending the admission of oil from opposite ends of the oven` allowing the lighter hydrocarbons to he consumed und the heavier residuuin of the oil to lie depositrd in the bottoni of the oven` admitting air above and below said residuiiin to convert the latter into coke, then shutting oil the nir and in the gas-limiting period admitting oil as l heforeto saidoien., converting the lighterhy- E droearhons into illuminating-gas by radiated heat find depositing the heavier oil residuuin in the oven-chamber,

ll. The process of manufacturing gas and coke from crude oil which coinprehends heatingr an oven-chamber, admitting oil thereinto.

converted into illuminating-*gas and the heavier oil residuuiu to be deposited i n the bottom ct' the oven-chamber` then admitting air above and below said residuum to con- E residual deposits of the oil, spraying oil into one ol' Huid ovens and periiiitling the distilled lighter hydrocnrhons time for molecular re,- nrrungeiiieiit into illuininnting-gas hy passing such distillutions through the` other oveu` then reversing the process, cokingI the residuuni tiret deposited and blasting and gas-maliing in the second oven.

14. 'lho proce-as of manufacturing' gas and coke which consists in heating an oven-chainher to a heut suli'icient only to eli'eet a dissociation ol' the lighter from thc heavier portieneof the oil. admitting oil into said ovenchamher in such manner as to prevent catalytic action and affording time for said lighter portions to rearrange themselves into ii fixed illiiminating-giis1 find converting the denser residue into coke.

15. The process of manufacturing gas and coke which consists in heatingan oven-chainher suiiieicnt only to effect a dissociation ot' the lighter from the denser portions of the oil, admitting oil into said oven-chamber in such manner as to prevent catalytic action and i affording time for said lighter portions to realloiving the lighter hydrocarbons to become g sume the Iighterhydrocarbons and to convert A the residuuru into coke.

12. The process of manufacturing gas and coke in commercial quantities from crude oil alone which coinprehends the heating of contiguous connected ovens to a temperature such as will not eti'eet the gasilication ot' the oil alternately` into said ovens iniuch manner as to prevent catalytic action. the oven into arrange themselves into a lixcd illuminatinggas, depositing said denser portions in said oven-chamber and converting the saule into coke.

16. The manufacture of gas from crude oil which eomprehcnds heating a relatively large oven-space, forcibly spraying oil in a sul)- stantially horizonte] direction into said space in such manner as to prevent surface action of the oil upon the hricliwork, the temperature ot' the space being suiiieient only to elfeet the dissociation of the lighter from the heavier residual deposits of the oil, spraying which oil is temporarily not sprayed atiordi ing space for the molecular rearrangenientof the lighter hydrocarbons into illuminatinggus, and coking the oil residue in said ovens.

13. The process of manufacturing coke in commercial quantities from crude oil alone which comprises the heating of contigdenser portions ot' the oil` affording' time for the lighter particles of the oil to rearrange themselves into a iixed illiiniiniiting-gas, and depositing the heavier oil residue.

1n testimony whereof l have hereunto set iny hand in presence of two subscribing witgas and nous connected ovens to a temperature such i as will note'ect the gasilication of the heavier W itnesses:

WARREN DiniiLiz, (i. M. DoGoia'rr. 

